Mean Journal Of The American Medical Association Scores Research Articles

Analysis of patient-directed search content and online resource quality for ulnar collateral ligament injury and surgery

Patients use the Internet to learn information about injuries, yet online content remains largely unstudied. This study analyzed patient questions posed online regarding ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) tears or UCL surgical management. Three separate search strings about UCL tear and UCL surgery were queried on the Google search engine. The 300 most commonly asked questions were compiled for each topic and associated webpage information was collected from the "People also ask" section. Questions were categorized using the Rothwell classification and webpages by Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria. The most frequent UCL tear questions were "how long does it take to heal a torn UCL?" and "what is nonsurgical treatment for the UCL?" The most frequent UCL surgery question was "can you retear your UCL after surgery?" The Rothwell classification of questions for UCL tear/UCL surgery was 55%/32% policy, 38%/57% fact, and 7%/11% value with highest subcategories being indications/management (46%/25%) and technical details (24%/25%). The most common webpages were academic (39%/29%) and medical practice (24%/26%). Mean JAMA score for all 600 webpages was low (1.2), with journals (mean=3.4) having the highest score. Medical practice (mean=0.5) and legal websites (mean=0.0) had the lowest JAMA scores. Only 30% of webpages provided UCL-specific information. Online UCL patient questions commonly pertain to technical details and injury management. Webpages suggested by search engines contain information specific to UCL tears and surgery only one-third of the time. The quality of most webpages provided to patients is poor, with minimal source transparency.

Quality and Reliability Analysis of YouTube as a Source of Patient Information on de Quervain's Tenosynovitis

Abstract Purpose This study seeks to evaluate the quality and reliability of information regarding de Quervain's tenosynovitis on YouTube. Methods A search on the YouTube was performed using the keywords de Quervain's tenosynovitis, and the first 50 videos were evaluated. Video characteristics including views, content type, and video upload source were recorded. Video reliability was assessed using the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria. Video quality was assessed using the Global Quality Score (GQS) and a novel de Quervain's Tenosynovitis-Specific Score (DQT-SS). Results The total number of views for all videos evaluated was 5,508,498 (mean, 110,169.96 ± 155,667.07). Video reliability and quality metrics were low, with a mean JAMA score of 2.17 ± 0.82 out of 4, a mean GQS of 2.49 ± 1.28 out of 5, and a mean DQT-SS of 4.53 ± 2.35 out of 11. Significant between-group effects were found for the video source and DQT-SS (p = 0.027), as well as between content type and JAMA score (p = 0.027), GQS (p = 0.003), and DQT-SS (p = 0.003). Positive independent predictors of DQT-SS included video duration in seconds (β = 0.391) and disease-specific information content type (β = 0.648). Conclusion Videos on YouTube regarding de Quervain's tenosynovitis were frequently viewed; however, the information present was of low quality and reliability. Physician-uploaded videos had the highest mean JAMA scores, GQS, and DQT-SS, but had the second-lowest mean number of views of video sources. Patients should receive proper in-office education and be directed toward reputable resources for their orthopaedic conditions.

Evaluating YouTube as a source of patient information for pediatric tracheostomy care.

To evaluate YouTube's usefulness as a source of information concerning pediatric tracheostomy care. On August 10, 2022, the top 50 YouTube search results for "pediatric tracheostomy care" were displayed. Each video was evaluated by a jury of three otolaryngologists with at least 2 years of professional experience in pediatric otolaryngology using DISCERN, scoring system of Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), and the Global Quality Score (GQS). After exclusion criteria 24 videos were evaluated. Fifteen of the evaluated videos were produced by health professionals, and the other nine videos were produced by independent users. The average duration of the videos were 337.5s, varying between 82s and 1364s. The average Discern score of videos produced by health professionals was 38.9±13, compared to 36.6±14 for independent users. The mean JAMA score was 1.04±0.68 for health professionals and 1.11±0.94 for independent users. The GQS score was 2.82±0.73 for health professionals and 3.19±0.84 for independent users. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups for Discern, JAMA, and GQS scoring. YouTube does not seem to be a good option for parents to get useful information about pediatric tracheostomy care at this time. Health professionals should provide websites with high-quality materials to improve awareness of pediatric tracheostomy care.

Rhytidectomy-Information Patients Seek and Where They Find Answers.

Patients considering rhytidectomy often search for information online prior to in-office consultation. This study identifies the most searched queries regarding rhytidectomy and evaluates sources to which patients are directed. The search engine optimization tool Ahrefs was utilized to extract Google metadata on searches performed in the United States. Frequently asked questions were categorized by topic; websites were categorized by type. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria enabled information quality assessment. A total of 565 questions for three search phrases were extracted (265 "facelift," 265 "face lift," and 35 "rhytidectomy"). The majority of monthly searches in the facelift and face lift groups pertained to procedural cost, which was significantly higher than in the rhytidectomy group (52.9% and 50.7 vs. 0.0%, ANOVA p <0.001). The mean JAMA score for private practice sources (1.2 ± 0.42) was significantly lower than that of academic pages of (2.3 ± 1.9, p = 0.026) and commercial sources (3.0 ± 0.82, p = 0.008). The most popular destinations for rhytidectomy were California and Mexico (630 and 440 searches/month). Online searches for facelifts often revolve around the topic of cost and frequently direct patients to websites that provide inadequate information on authorship, attribution, disclosure, and currency.

The Reliability and Quality of YouTube Videos as a Source of Information on Buerger's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study

Patients are increasingly referring to the internet after a diagnosis of vascular disease. This study was performed to quantitatively define the accuracy and reliability of information on YouTube regarding Buerger's Disease (BD). A systematic search of YouTube was conducted using BD and thromboangiitis obliterans keywords. The default YouTube search setting of "relevance" was used to replicate an average search attempt, and the first 50 results from each keyword search were reviewed and analyzed by 2 independent reviewers. Descriptive characteristics, Journal of the American Medical Association Score (JAMAS), modified DISCERN score, Global Quality Score (GQS) were used to record data. A total of 50 videos were reviewed for the study. The mean JAMAS, modified DISCERN, and GQS values among the videos were 2.06/4.00 (standard deviation [SD], 0.91), 2.36/5.00 (SD, 1.39), and 2.6/5.00 (SD, 1.16) respectively. When the videos were analyzed according to the user types uploading them, the modified DISCERN score was found to be significantly higher (3.57/5.00 SD, 0.97) in the videos uploaded by vascular surgeons (P=0.029). High-quality videos were determined as more recent (P=0.048). It was observed that the modified DISCERN and JAMA scores increased as the video quality increased. While variable in source and content, the completeness and reliability of the information presented on YouTube about BD is poor. We believe that these videos should be uploaded more up-to-date and comprehensively by medical professionals, especially medical doctors.

Quality Assessment of YouTube Content on SLAP Tears

ABSTRACT Objectives Superior labrum anterior posterior (SLAP) tears can cause shoulder pain, disability, instability, and humeral head translation. YouTube has become an increasingly popular source of medical information, but little is currently known in terms of quality control of the uploaded content. The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of YouTube videos related to the diagnosis and treatment of Superior Labrum Anterior Posterior (SLAP) tears. Methods YouTube was queried in August 2021 using the two predetermined keywords: ‘SLAP tear’ and ‘superior labral tear.’ The first 50 videos were analyzed by two independent reviewers and scored using 3 scoring systems: Global Quality Scale (GQS), the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), and the Shoulder-Specific Score (SSS) to determine video accuracy and reliability. Title, number of views, video duration, video source, content type, views/day, number of likes, number of dislikes, days since upload, like ratio (Like × 100/ [Like + Dislike]) and Video Power Index (VPI) (Like ratio × View ratio/100) were all recorded and analyzed. Results The scores of most videos were low, with a mean JAMA score of 2.5 (1–4, SD 0.73), a mean GQS of 2.66 (0.5–4.5, SD 0.99) and a mean SSS of 7.13 (0–18, SD 4.39). There were significantly higher mean scores for JAMA, GQS, and SSS in the academic and independent physician categories, with a mean JAMA score of 3.11, GQS score of 3.39, and SSS score of 11 for academic sources and a mean JAMA score of 2.83, GQS score of 3.23, and SSS score of 9.23 for independent physician sources. JAMA score was significantly and positively correlated with video duration (r = 0.405, p = 0.006). Views, likes, dislikes, publication dates, and VPI were not significantly correlated with any scoring scale. Conclusion YouTube videos on the diagnosis and management of SLAP tears have low overall quality and reliability scores. Independent physician and academic institution sources received higher mean scores for JAMA, GQS, and SSS. Video quality was not correlated with number of views.

Is YouTube™ a good source of information for patients to understand laparoscopic fundoplication?

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease affects 10-20% of the population, and laparoscopic fundoplication is one management option. As the most frequently accessed video-sharing website, YouTube has become a popular source of information for patients. This study conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the quality and demographics of patient education videos available on YouTube for laparoscopic fundoplication. Three searches were performed on YouTube using the phrases 'laparoscopic fundoplication', 'heartburn surgery' and 'reflux operation'. The Health on The Net (HON) code, DISCERN and Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) systems were used to score the first 75 results from each query. Information about each video was collected, including number of views, time since posting, number of comments and the author of the video. Relationships between these variables and video quality were investigated. The median number of views was 3,793. The most common author category was videos produced by surgeons. Overall the quality was poor, mean HON score was 2.5/8, mean DISCERN score was 29.3/80 and mean JAMA score was 1.5/4. Surgeon-authored videos scored higher when scored using the HON and JAMA systems. Videos of longer duration scored higher using all three scoring systems. No other factors were found to be associated with video quality. The quality of information in YouTube videos on laparoscopic fundoplication is unreliable. Doctors should be aware of this and caution their patients of YouTube's limitations. Further research is needed to develop validated scoring systems for evaluating the quality of patient education videos.

Evaluating the quality, utility, and reliability of the information in uveitis videos shared on YouTube.

This study aimed to analyze the quality of videos on YouTube as educational resources about uveitis. An online YouTube search was performed using the keyword "uveitis". Total view counts, duration of videos, publishing dates, likes and dislikes, numbers of comments, and source of videos were recorded. The quality and accuracy of the video's educational content were evaluated using the DISCERN score, Global Quality Score (GQS), and Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) score. Video power index (VPI) was used to evaluate both the view and the like ratio of the videos. All videos were classified according to publishers and types of categories. From among the 200 videos analyzed, 94 were included. The mean DISCERN score was 38.5 ± 13.2 (poor), the mean JAMA score was 1.8 ± 0.6 (fair), and the GQS was 2.5 ± 0.9 (fair). There were positive correlations between the three checklists (p < .001). VPI was not correlated with each score (p > .05). The most common upload sources were ophthalmologists (24.4%) and YouTube channels about health (20.2%). Regarding content, we identified 47 (50%) medical education, 26 (27.6%) patient education, 16 (17%) patient experience, and five (5.3%) surgical procedure videos involving patients with uveitis. While the most popular videos were uploaded by doctors other than ophthalmologists, the videos uploaded by academic institutions and associations of healthcare professional were found to have higher educational quality and reliability scores. Uveitis videos on YouTube are of poor quality and reliability and are not adequately educational for patients. Therefore, physicians must be aware of the limitations ofYouTube and ensure the flow of correct medical information to patients.

A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Quality, Readability, and Technical Quality of Online Information on Glaucoma

To evaluate the quality and reliability of medical information, the technical quality of the presentation of information, and the readability of informational websites that publish content on the definition, causes, symptoms, and treatment of glaucoma. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess information published on websites with regard to glaucoma. The top 150 websites populated on a Google search using the keywords glaucoma, high intraocular pressure, and high eye pressure were chosen for evaluation. Two independent reviewers assessed quality and reliability of each website using the DISCERN, Health on the Net Code (HONcode), and Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) criteria. The reviewers also evaluated technical quality by determining each website's ability to satisfy 10 unique features. Readability was assessed using the Readability Studio software (Oleander Software). Quality of information was analyzed using the DISCERN, HONcode, and JAMA criteria. To assess readability, the Bormuth Cloze Mean, Bormuth Grade Placement, Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease, Coleman-Liau Index, Gunning Fog Score, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook Index, Readability Score, Fry Estimate, Raygor Estimate, and the Overall Mean Readability metrics were used. A separate subanalysis categorized websites into institutional and private categories. Readability was poor among all websites, with most websites requiring a reading level higher than the 11th grade. The overall mean DISCERN score ± standard deviation (SD) was 3.0 ± 0.4, the mean HONcode score ± SD was 9.6 ± 1.8, and the mean JAMA score ± SD was 2.1 ± 1.1. The reviewers had moderate to excellent interrater reliability. Institutional websites (n= 39) had a higher mean DISCERN score (3.18 ± 0.33 vs. 2.95 ± 0.39, P < 0.05) and mean HONcode score (10.18 ± 1.90 vs. 9.34 ± 1.71, P < 0.05) than those of private websites (n= 111). Technical quality was higher among institutional websites (P < 0.05). An overwhelming majority of websites presented information of low quality, reliability, and readability. Institutional websites generally received higher scores than those received by private websites; however, overall scores were still substandard, which necessitates improvement of online information on glaucoma.

YouTube is a poor-quality source for patient information on the rehabilitation following total shoulder arthroplasty

BackgroundDespite the ubiquity of health information on YouTube, the quality of the information as it pertains to total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) rehabilitation is unknown. The purpose of this study is to investigate the quality of information available on YouTube as it pertains to rehabilitation following TSA, including anatomic and reverse TSA. MethodsUtilizing predefined search terms, 480 videos regarding rehabilitation following TSA were screened for study inclusion. A total of 143 videos were included in the final analysis. Of these, 99 (69.2%) videos were on rehabilitation of anatomical TSA and 44 (30.8%) videos reported on rehabilitation after reverse TSA. Each video was reviewed using 3 scoring systems: (1) Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria, (2) Global Quality Score (GQS), and (3) DISCERN instrument. ResultsYouTube videos regarding TSA are of suboptimal educational quality with a mean JAMA score of 2.5 ± 0.7, mean GQS of 2.7 ± 0.9, and mean DISCERN score of 33.2 ± 5.5 overall. Upon evaluation of video metrics based on classification it was found that educational nonphysician videos had significantly more likes than all other categories (P = .01). Educational physician videos were found to be significantly longer than all other categories (educational physician: 10.0 ± 14.8 minutes, educational nonphysician: 6.2 ± 3.2 minutes, personal testimony: 3.5 ± 2.6 minutes, commercial: 5.8 ± 5.4 minutes; P < .01) and had significantly higher JAMA (P < .01), GQS (P < .01), and DISCERN (P < .01). ConclusionYouTube videos are a poor source of educational information for patients regarding TSA rehabilitation. Educational videos prepared by nonphysicians accrued more likes than other video categories. Although educational videos by physicians provided statistically higher quality educational content as noted by JAMA, GQS, and DISCREN scores, the average scores across all author categories were classified as low (JAMA), moderate to poor (GQS), or poor (DISCERN) quality educational content. Additionally, our findings suggest that physician educational videos that are shorter in duration are more likely to be well received and watched to completion by viewers compared to longer videos. Patients should be provided trusted resources to learn more about TSAs.

Investigation of COVID-19 vaccine hesitation in Turkey with YouTube analysis method

Aim: Nowadays many people search the internet to gain health information including Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. YouTube™ is one of the most widely used websites. However, the quality and accuracy of health-related YouTube™ videos are still controversial. In this study we aimed to research the COVID-19 vaccine hesitation in Turkey by using YouTube analyses method.&#x0D; Material and Method: In this study, “COVID 19’’ OR “coronavirus’’ OR “SARSCOV 2’’ ‘and “vaccine’’ OR “vaccination’’ and “vaccine hesitancy’’ OR “vaccine hesitation’’ keywords were used to search videos on YouTube™. Firstly, non-Turkish videos and duplicate videos were excluded. Some details about videos such as duration (seconds), view count, number of comments, total likes/ dislikes were recorded. DISCERN (Quality Criteria for Consumer Health Information), JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association) scores, and Video Power Index (VPI) values of the videos were calculated. &#x0D; Results: Most of the videos were uploaded by news agencies (48%). DISCERN scores of the videos were ranged between very poor and good. The mean JAMA score was found 2.9 that is accepted as a high score. There was a statistically significant difference in the VPI and JAMA scores among videos’ sources (p &lt; 0,05). &#x0D; Conclusion: Vaccine hesitation can be reduced by increasing the quality of the video content prepared by academic and govermental organizations. The correct use of YouTube videos in community vaccination behaviors can play an important role in the spread of COVID 19 among the community and help control the pandemic.

Are YouTube videos a sufficient resource for informing patients in the treatment of rotator cuff tears?

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the information quality of YouTube videos on rotator cuff tear treatment. &#x0D; Material and Method: A YouTube search was performed using the keyword ‘rotator cuff tear’ to determine the first 100 most watched videos related to rotator cuff tears. A total of 57 videos met our inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Videos were evaluated for information quality by using DISCERN, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), and rotator cuff informational assessment (RCIA) scores. Number of views, time since upload, view rate, number of likes, number of dislikes used to calculate the video power index (VPI) and these criteria were used to determine video popularity. Video length (sec), video source and video content were also evaluated and used for correlation evaluations. &#x0D; Results: The mean DISCERN score was 33.81 (21-56), the mean JAMA score was 3.05 (1-4), and the mean RCIA score was 3.63 (0.5-7.5). Statistical analysis revealed that, independent of the video source and popularity, the videos were informationally poor and inadequate. The only significant correlation was between video length and data source. &#x0D; Conclusion: This present study demonstrated that the quality of information provided by YouTube videos about rotator cuff tear treatment was poor. The generation of survey systems for informational videos and the provision of accurate and thorough informational videos by professional health organizations will be the best ways to inform patients.

Assessment of the Quality and Reliability of YouTube Videos on Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy.

Objectives:The aim of the study was to assess the quality and reliability of videos on Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) on YouTube.Methods:A search of YouTube was performed for the term “FECD” without any changes to the website’s standard search preferences. The first 100 videos were recorded. A total of 71 videos were evaluated regarding the DISCERN score (min–max: 16–75), Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) score (min–max: 0–4), and Global Quality Scale (GQS) score (min–max: 0–5).Results:The mean DISCERN score was 40.1±15.6 (moderate), the mean JAMA score was 2.01±0.7 (poor), the mean GQS score was 2.5±1.3 (moderate), and the mean video power index score was 106.8±135.7. Twenty-three of the videos (32.4%) were uploaded by physicians, 25 (35.2%) by universities/private hospitals, and 21 (29.6%) by health channels. Thirty-six videos (50.7%) contained information about the disease, 24 (33.8%) discussed surgical techniques, and 11 (15.5%) were about patient experience.Conclusion:YouTube provides only moderate-quality health information on FECD. Physicians and professional organizations should be aware of and embrace this evolving technology to raise awareness about FECD.

Quality and readability of online health information on menopausal hormone therapy in Canada: what are our patients reading?

To assess the quality and readability of 24 of the most accessed menopause hormone therapy (MHT) websites by Canadian women. The top 24 websites from Google, Bing, and Yahoo were identified using the search term "hormone replacement therapy." Five menopause specialists assessed website content quality using the DISCERN Instrument, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmarks, and Abbott's Scale. Two reviewers assessed website credibility using the Health on the Net Foundation Code of Conduct certification, and website readability using the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, and Flesch-Kincaid Read Ease formulae. Scores for quality of information varied. The mean JAMA score was low at 2.3 ± 1.1 (out of 4). Only one website met all benchmarks. Fourteen websites (58%) had a good/excellent DISCERN score, while four (17%) had a poor/very poor score. For Abbott's Scale, both the mean authorship score at 2.2 ± 1.0 (out of 4) and mean content score at 45.9 ± 9.8 (out of 100) were low. Inter-rater reliability was high for all tools. Fifteen websites (63%) were Health on the Net Foundation Code of Conduct certified. The mean Flesch-Kincaid Read Ease was 42.7 ± 10.3, mean Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level was 12.3 ± 1.9, and mean Simple Measure of Gobbledygook grade level was 11.3 ± 1.5. Only one website presented content at a reading level recommended for the public. Websites meeting more JAMA benchmarks were significantly less readable (P < 0.05). Although good quality MHT information exists online, several resources are inaccurate or incomplete. Overall, these resources are not considered comprehensible by the public. There is a need to disseminate accurate, comprehensive, and understandable MHT information online.

Entering the Misinformation Age: Quality and Reliability of YouTube for Patient Information on Liposuction.

Background: YouTube is currently the most popular online platform and is increasingly being utilized by patients as a resource on aesthetic surgery. Yet, its content is largely unregulated and this may result in dissemination of unreliable and inaccurate information. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality and reliability of YouTube liposuction content available to potential patients. Methods: YouTube was screened using the keywords: "liposuction," "lipoplasty," and "body sculpting." The top 50 results for each term were screened for relevance. Videos which met the inclusion criteria were scored using the Global Quality Score (GQS) for educational value and the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) criteria for video reliability. Educational value, reliability, video views, likes, dislikes, duration and publishing date were compared between authorship groups, high/low reliability, and high/low educational value. Results: A total of 150 videos were screened, of which 89 videos met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the videos had low reliability (mean JAMA score = 2.78, SD = 1.15) and low educational value (mean GQS score = 3.55, SD = 1.31). Videos uploaded by physicians accounted for 83.1% percent of included videos and had a higher mean educational value and reliability score than those by patients. Video views, likes, dislikes, comments, popularity, and length were significantly greater in videos with high reliability. Conclusions: To ensure liposuction-seeking patients are appropriately educated and informed, surgeons and their patients may benefit from an analysis of educational quality and reliability of such online content. Surgeons may wish to discuss online sources of information with patients.

Evaluation of the educational quality and reliability of YouTube videos addressing eyelid ptosis surgery

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the educational content, quality, and reliability of YouTube videos addressing anterior approach ptosis surgery. Methods A search on YouTube using the term “ptosis surgery” was performed between March 20 and March 26 2021. The quality, reliability, and accuracy of the contents of 38 videos meeting the inclusion criteria were evaluated by two independent ophthalmologists using the DISCERN questionnaire and the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria. The Global Quality Score (GQS) and a surgical scoring system were used to assess the educational value of the content. Results The mean DISCERN score was 32.8 ± 10, and the mean JAMA score was 1.3 ± 0.5, indicating poor quality; the mean global quality score was 3.1 ± 1.1, indicating moderate quality; and the mean surgical score was 7.5 ± 2.7, indicating moderate to good quality. The surgical, DISCERN, and GQS scores of the videos uploaded by physicians were significantly higher than those of the videos uploaded by private clinics (p = .015, p= .049, and p= .01, respectively). There was a significant positive correlation between the surgical, DISCERN, JAMA, and GQS scores (p< .001). A significant positive correlation was found between video duration and surgical score (p= .013), DISCERN score (p ˂0.001), and GQS score (p ˂0.001). Conclusion Videos with known sources, uploaded by physicians, and supported by audio narration may be useful in obtaining educational information. However, the available videos are not a reliable source of educational information about ptosis surgery.

YouTube as a source of patient information on brain aneurysms: a content-quality and audience engagement analysis.

The internet allows patients to access a vast amount of health information. We aimed to evaluate the credibility of YouTube videos that members of the public are accessing on brain aneurysms, and to evaluate what characteristics drive audience engagement. The first 50 videos for each of the following search terms were taken for analysis: 'brain aneurysm', 'cerebral aneurysm' and 'intracranial aneurysm'. The quality of each video was evaluated by two neurosurgeons and two medical students independently using the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and the DISCERN instruments. Qualitative and quantitative video data was analysed for quality and audience engagement. Inter-rater agreement was ascertained. Out of a total of 150 videos, 70 met the inclusion criteria. The mean total DISCERN score was 36.5 ± 8.4 (out of 75 points), indicating that the videos were of poor quality. The mean JAMA score was 2.7 ± 0.7 (out of 4 points). Inter-rater agreement between the four raters was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.90 for DISCERN and 0.93 for JAMA). Most videos were uploaded by hospitals (50%) or educational health channels (30%). Videos had a higher number of average daily views when they included animation (P = 0.0093) and diagrams (P = 0.0422). YouTube is a poor source of patient information on brain aneurysms. Our quality and audience engagement analysis may help content creators (i.e. hospital staff and physicians) to create more holistic, educational and engaging medical videos concerning brain aneurysms. Physicians could usefully refer their patients to the highest quality videos that we have found.

Evaluation of the Reliability and Quality of Information in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Shared on YouTube.

Purpose  Most of the internet users search online on YouTube for their health problems and the treatments. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality and the reliability of the videos on YouTube for Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Methods  The search was made by typing the keywords "Carpal tunnel syndrome" and/or "CTS" into the YouTube search engine, the first 50 videos on the first three pages of YouTube were evaluated. Of these videos, title, duration, number of views, days since uploaded, view ratio (view per day), number of likes, number of dislikes, video power index (VPI), video source, and video content data were recorded. The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria were used to evaluate the reliability of videos, where the Global Quality Score (GQS) and Carpal tunnel syndrome-specific score (CTS-SS) were used to evaluate the quality of the videos. Results  The mean duration of the videos was 364.12 seconds (min 57, max 1,638) and the total duration of videos was 18,206 seconds. The mean number of views was 140,916.1 (min 10,543, max 1,271,040) and total number of views was 7,045,804. The mean JAMA score was 1.8 (min 1, max 4), the mean GQS was 2.72 (min 1, max 5), and the mean CTS-SS was 4.74 (min 1, max 14). There was no significant effect of video content on VPI, JAMA, GQS, or CTS-SS ( p >0.05). The JAMA, GQS, CT-SS scores of the videos from physicians and academic sources were significantly higher compared with other sources ( p <0.05). Conclusion  YouTube is one of the most frequently used resource for patients to get information about their diagnosis and treatment methods and it consists of videos with low reliability and quality for CTS. We believe that the creation of an internet-based information resource, which the patients can refer to is one of the current social responsibilities of the physicians and the academicians. Level of Evidence  This is a Level V study.

Evaluating the Reliability and Quality of the Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty Videos on YouTube.

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of videos on YouTube as educational resources for patients and physicians about blepharoplastic surgery. This study is a retrospective and cross-sectional study. A YouTube search for the term "blepharoplasty" was made and the first 210 videos were recorded (all video searches were done by clearing all search history without any user login). The number of views, likes and dislikes, upload time (i.e. age) of all videos, video duration, and source (i.e. physicians, non- physicians) were recorded. The video uploader, physicians, healthcare provider, health-related channels were gathered in a group. Video sources were evaluated as physician and non-physician. The DISCERN, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), and Global Quality scores of all videos were also evaluated and recorded by two experienced oculoplastic surgeons. Considering our exclusion criteria from 210 videos we evaluated, 186 videos were included in the study. 147 (79%) of these videos were uploaded by physicians and 39 (21%) by non-physicians users. The total viewing average was 69,548 ± 14,533. The average length (min) of all videos was 7.59 ± 8.75 min. The average of total likes was 301.72 ± 578.89, dislike was 28.47 ± 68.90. The mean DISCERN score was 45.06 ± 12.88 (fair quality), the mean JAMA score was 1.39 ± 1.06 (poor quality), and the mean Global Quality score was 2.39 ± 1.03 (intermediate quality). DISCERN, JAMA, GQS scores were statistically significant between videos uploaded by physicians and non- physicians (p< 0.001). As a result of the videos reviewed, YouTube videos can be educational and informative for patients and physicians. Only if the video source and content are selected correctly. We hope that YouTube will become more useful in terms of healthcare and education once its role in e-learning is clear. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Metric Evaluation of Reliability and Transparency of the Videos About Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Surgery in the Online Platforms: Assessment of YouTube Videos' Content.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the quality and reliability of carpal tunnel syndrome surgery videos on YouTube. MethodsA keyword set of “carpal tunnel syndrome surgery” was searched on YouTube. The DISCERN scoring system, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) scoring system, and Health on the Net (HON) ranking systems were used to evaluate the quality and reliability of the first 50 videos appeared in the search results. The characteristics of each video, such as the number of likes, dislikes and views, upload days, video length, and the uploader, were collected retrospectively. The relationships between the video quality and these factors were investigated statistically. ResultsAll of the featured videos sorted were found to be of poor content (mean DISCERN score [n = 1.71 of 5], mean JAMA score [n = 1.76 of 4], mean HON score [n = 5.65 of 16]). Yet, DISCERN scores of the videos uploaded by medical centers were higher than that of the others (p = 0.022). No relationship was detected between the other variables and video quality. ConclusionHealthcare professionals and organizations should be more cautious when recording and uploading a video to the online platforms. As those videos could reach a wide audience, their content should provide more information about possible complications of a treatment and other treatment modalities.